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Gold is found in two major types of deposits. Lode deposits are where gold is found in veins in rock. The second type is called a placer deposit that is formed by moving water that has eroded gold out of lode deposits. When the speed of the water in a river slows sufficiently, the heavy gold falls to the bottom and accumulates in the sand of the riverbed. Another source of gold is as a by-product of copper and silver mining. Gold is so valuable that it is worth the effort to recover even minute amounts from copper and silver ore.
Silver (Ag) has a bright, metallic luster, and when untarnished, has a white color. It is rarely found in its native form. Silver can be found combined with a number of different elements such as sulfur, arsenic, antimony or chlorine to form a variety of minerals and ores, such as argentite, chlorargyrite, and galena. It is also found in very small amounts in gold, lead, zinc and copper ores. Silver is malleable which means it can be hammered into thin sheets. It is also ductile, meaning it can be drawn into wire.
Aluminum is the second most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust after silicon. It weighs about one-third as much as steel or copper; is malleable, ductile, and easily machined and cast; and has excellent corrosion resistance and durability. Measured either in quantity or value, aluminum's use exceeds that of any other metal except iron, and it is important in virtually all segments of the world economy.
Iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. Its nuclei are very stable. Iron is a principal component of a meteorite class known as siderites and is a minor constituent of the other two meteorite classes. The core of the earth 2150 miles in radius is thought to be largely composed of iron with about 10 percent occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight that makes up the crust of the earth.
The most common ore is hematite, which is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams
Named from the Latin word meaning “flint,” silicon is a shiny, blue-gray metallic substance. It looks like a metal, but its other characteristics are more non-metallic than metallic. It is the second-most common element in the Earth’s crust, mostly in the form of silica (SiO2). Pure silicon is never found in nature. Two allotropes of silicon exist at room temperature: amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous appears as a brown powder while crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and a grayish color.
Copper is one of the oldest metals ever used and has been one of the important materials in the development of civilization. Because of its properties, singularly or in combination, of high ductility, malleability, and thermal and electrical conductivity, and its resistance to corrosion, copper has become a major industrial metal, ranking third after iron and aluminum in terms of quantities consumed.
Phosphate is usually found as calcium phosphate in rock deposits known as apatite and it is a natural source of phosphorus, an element that is essential to life on earth. There is no substitute for phosphorus in human, animal, or plant nutrition and hence in food production. In addition, phosphorus is part of many products used in modern life.
The same phosphate-based compound can be used for different applications in a broad range of industries including pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, personal care, construction, chemical manufacturing, renewable energy, and agriculture.
Talc is found in rock deposits all over the planet. Cosmetic grade talc is only mined from select deposits from certified locations Talc is a naturally occurring mineral that's made up of hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium, and silicon. It's the world's softest mineral and is odorless, white, and chemically inert.
Talc absorbs moisture and reduces friction. It's an inert ingredient, meaning it doesn't create a chemical reaction when used on the skin or ingested.
Zinc is a lustrous, bluish-white metal. It is brittle at room temperature, but becomes malleable when heated to 100 degrees Celsius. It is mildly reactive with air, acids and alkalis. Zinc is mined from several different minerals, including sphalerite (zinc sulfide), smithsonite (zinc carbonate), hemimorphite (zinc silicate) and zincite (zinc oxide). Other zinc-bearing minerals include willemite and hydrozincite.